Environmental Contamination of Poultry Farms by Foodborne Multiple Antibiotics Resistant (MAR) Salmonella and Escherichia Coli Isolates in Ido LGA Ibadan Nigeria

Antimicrobial resistance among food-borne bacteria from poultry farms is a growing public health concern in Nigeria. Despite this, data on antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates from poultry farms in Ido Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria remain scarce. This study investigated the antibiograms of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolates recovered from selected poultry farms in the study area. A total of 160 samples comprising faeces, feed, soil, and water were collected from five poultry farms. Bacterial isolation was carried out on selective and differential media including Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA) and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar. Isolates were confirmed by Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar, following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Six antibiotics were tested: Oxytetracycline, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim, and Ampicillin. A total of 68 Salmonella spp. and 90 E. coli isolates were recovered, with faecal samples yielding the highest number of isolates for both organisms. Among Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance prevalence were recorded for Enrofloxacin (64.7%), Gentamicin (58.8%), and Oxytetracycline (52.9%). E. coli isolates showed critically high resistance to Ampicillin (77.8%), followed by Gentamicin (37.8%) and Oxytetracycline (24.4%). The resistance patterns observed for Salmonella isolates (0.50) indicate Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices, consistent with isolates from environments under heavy antibiotic selection pressure. These findings highlight the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship, regulatory intervention, and routine surveillance of antibiotic resistance in the poultry production sector of Ido LGA and Oyo State.