From Genome to Global Markets: Genetically Modified Sugarcane for Climate Resilience, Pest Control and the Circular Bioeconomy—A Review

Genetically modified (GM) sugarcane promises more resilient cultivation and new industrial applications, yet technical breakthroughs do not automatically translate into sustainable commercialization. This qualitative literature review interprets peer-reviewed research published mainly during 2020-2026 alongside distinct official regulatory records to evaluate polyploid genomics, insect and virus resistance, drought tolerance, biomass and sucrose traits, biosafety, and value-chain adoption. Thematic synthesis shows that chromosome-resolved genomics and multiallelic editing have expanded the technical feasibility of targeted improvement. Selected field studies document promising drought and canopy-architecture effects, while BT sugarcane provides an important application for analyzing pest-control gains and resistance evolution. However, results remain event-, genotype- and environment-dependent; regulatory approval does not establish widespread planting or economic superiority. A comparison of Brazil, Pakistan and Indonesia demonstrates the need to distinguish event authorization from field replication, industrial recovery and market access. The article proposes a six-gate framework linking genetic validity, trait expression, field performance, biosafety, industrial fit and inclusive commercialization. It recommends matched comparators, independent multi-location trials, long-term stewardship, transparent event-specific regulatory records and integrated sugar-bioenergy economic assessments. GM sugarcane is best understood as a selective technological option whose sustainability depends on validated benefits and accountable governance rather than universal productivity promises.