AbstractThe search for unification in physics has traditionally focused on quantizing gravity or modifying the structure of spacetime itself. This work explores an alternative possibility: that unification may already be encoded in the internal numerical relationships among nature’s fundamental constants. Quantities commonly treated as empirically independent are shown to exhibit precise proportional relations, suggesting a shared structural origin.Building on previously unpublished work by Anton Bopp, we show that five core constants (the elementary charge ec, the electron mass mₑ, Planck’s constant h, the speed of light c, and Newton’s gravitational constant G) form an interdependent, matter-bound system. Bopp interprets it as arising along a condensation pathway in which radiation gives rise to hydrogen via the electron. These constants constitute a tightly coupled set in which no member is fundamental in isolation; each follows from the others through compact generative relations. Their closure defines a single characteristic frequency, 𝝂zp ≈ 0.0605390 Hz, which can be calculated from accepted constants alone and is open to direct experimental test.This perspective suggests a material origin of physical law and raises well-defined questions about applying matter-derived constants in regimes of extreme matter scarcity, such as the early Universe or the cosmological vacuum. In this light, persistent discrepancies, most notably the vacuum energy problem, may reflect not missing physics but the extension of matter-based relations beyond their natural domain of validity. Unification, in this view, may arise from structural coherence rather than from new fields or a modified spacetime.
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Ulrich Schreier (2026) studied this question.
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