Direct visual inspection of the common bile duct (CBD) is one of the most reliable ways to confirm stone clearance during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) [3, 4]. Dedicated flexible choledochoscopes, however, are expensive and often unavailable in regional hospitals, which limits the adoption of single-stage treatment of choledocholithiasis [5]. Many multidisciplinary hospitals already own ureteroscopes for urological work, and their use for choledochoscopy has been reported [1, 2].
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U.R. et al. (2026) studied this question.
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