Recent Advances in Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery

Colon-specific drug delivery has emerged as a promising strategy for treating colonic diseases while minimizing systemic side effects. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of phytochemical-based nanoparticles that offer enhanced targeting, improved drug stability, and controlled release profiles. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of plant-derived phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, and their application in nanoparticle systems for colon-targeted therapy. The unique bioactive properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity of phytochemicals make them ideal candidates for nanoparticulate formulations. The review discusses various nanocarrier systems including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, and silica-based nanoparticles, emphasizing their role in enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated phytochemicals. It also explores preparative methods, such as nanoprecipitation, ionotropic gelation, and solvent evaporation. Moreover, synergistic combinations of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic agents in multifunctional nanoparticles demonstrate improved outcomes against diseases like colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite encouraging progress, challenges such as clinical translation, reproducibility, and large-scale manufacturing remain. Overall, phytochemical-based nanoparticles hold immense potential to revolutionize colon-specific drug delivery, offering a safe and effective platform for localized and personalized therapy.