Key result
Smoking exposure is linked to ~24% higher risk of hypertension in adults.
Why the study?
Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and this study aimed to synthesize recent evidence on the association between smoking and hypertension.
Does smoking exposure increase the risk of hypertension in adults?
Meta-Analysis (n=314,448)
Yes
Does smoking exposure increase the risk of hypertension in adults?
This meta-analysis of 10 recent observational studies demonstrates that both active and passive smoking exposures are significantly associated with a 24% increased odds of hypertension in adults, reinforcing the role of smoking cessation and smoke-free policies in cardiovascular risk reduction.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
May support smoking cessation in hypertension prevention; confirms observational association but leaves causal inference open.
Background: Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. This study aimed to synthesize recent evidence on the association between smoking and hypertension using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach.This study was conducted by researchers from the Study Program of Magister Kesehatan Msyarakat, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia, to synthesize recent evidence regarding the association between smoking and hypertension. Method: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and OpenAlex to identify observational studies published between 2020 and 2025. Studies reporting odds ratios (OR) or adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the association between smoking and hypertension among adults were included. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled effect sizes. Results: Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed that smoking was significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension (pooled OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.19–1.30). The forest plot demonstrated variability in individual study estimates, although the pooled effect indicated an overall positive association between smoking and hypertension.Conclusion: Smoking exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Smoking prevention and cessation programs should be strengthened to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Yani et al. (2026) conducted a meta-analysis in Hypertension (n=314,448). Smoking exposure (active, daily, heavy, or passive smoking) vs. Non-smoking / unexposed was evaluated on Hypertension incidence or prevalence (clinical diagnosis or blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg) (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.19–1.30). Smoking exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension among adults (pooled OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.19–1.30).
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: