Adaptation of Moringa oleifera to hydric and saline stress and fluctuations in bioaccumulated proline

The study highlighted the utilization of groundwater for irrigating Moringa oleifera plants, revealing physicochemical characteristics of this water. It presented a slightly alkaline pH and an electrical conductivity of 11.5 mS cm-1, categorizing it as slightly saline. Potassium, recognized as a plant resistance element to drought and diseases, measured around 10.4 mg/L. Despite the water's high concentration of calcium and magnesium, indicative of hardness, the soil under examination exhibited low CaCO3 content and a notable organic matter percentage. The impact of salinity and water stress on M. oleifera's vegetative behavior was demonstrated through an accumulation of proline concentration in leaves. Irrigation with saline water markedly inhibited plant growth, but increased the content of proline in Moringa oleifera relative to plants irrigated with non-salinized water. The species demonstrated a tolerance to a salinity level of 2 to 6 g/L, adapting by intensively branching its roots to enhance nutrient and water absorption. Due to its notable adaptive features to both water and salinity stress, M. oleifera holds potential for utilization as a tolerant plant in desert environments, sebkhas, and saline lands. Cultivating Moringa on a large scale allows for greater utilization of its medicinal properties.