Outer Space: The Use of Outer Space in Armed Conflict and its Effects on Civilian Infrastructure

The increasing militarisation of outer space and the growing dependence of modern societies on space-based technologies have created significant legal, security, and humanitarian challenges for the international community. Outer space assets, including communication satellites, navigation systems, meteorological satellites, and Earth-observation technologies, play essential roles in civilian infrastructure, economic activities, emergency response, and military operations. Their integration into contemporary armed conflicts has heightened the vulnerability of civilian populations to the direct and indirect consequences of attacks against space-based systems. This article examines the use of outer space in armed conflict and its effects on civilian infrastructure, with particular emphasis on the applicability and adequacy of existing international legal frameworks. It analyses the relevance of the Outer Space Treaty 1967, the United Nations Charter, and international humanitarian law in regulating military activities in outer space and protecting civilian objects against the effects of hostilities. The article further explores the consequences of interference with or destruction of space-based assets for telecommunications, electricity distribution, banking and financial services, transportation, healthcare, humanitarian assistance, and disaster management. It highlights the difficulties associated with distinguishing civilian from military uses of dual-purpose space systems, determining when a space-based asset constitutes a lawful military objective, and establishing responsibility for harmful conduct in an increasingly congested and technologically complex space environment. The article argues that although existing international law provides important principles governing the peaceful use of outer space and the conduct of hostilities, uncertainties remain regarding the application of international humanitarian law to space operations, particularly those involving dual-use satellites and their supporting infrastructure. It recommends clearer international rules, enhanced transparency and confidence-building measures, stronger protection for essential civilian space services, and improved international cooperation to prevent the escalation of hostilities into outer space. The article concludes that preserving the security and sustainability of outer space is indispensable to protecting civilian infrastructure, maintaining international peace and security, and safeguarding the humanitarian interests of present and future generations.