"Revisiting place attachment: A matrix framework for strengthening emotional bonds in urban, rural, and natural contexts"

This study explores the complex phenomenon of place attachment—a critical issue amid globalization, environmental challenges, cultural homogenization, and migration, all of which threaten places' unique identities. Addressing low place attachment requires more than recognition; it necessitates actionable strategies that integrate urban, infrastructural, social, personal, and natural dimensions. Despite extensive research, the absence of a unified framework has hindered theoretical advancements, complicated design practices, and limited policy implementation. This study proposes a conceptual matrix framework for place attachment—including its components and sub-dimensions—through a three-stage methodology that uses retroductive reasoning to uncover underlying mechanisms and iterative validation to refine it. It conceptualizes place attachment as the emotional dimension of the human-environment relationship—comprising the cognitive dimension (place identity) and the conative dimension (place dependence)—and encompasses personal, social, natural, and built domains. By clarifying conceptual overlaps, the framework can be applied across diverse urban, rural, and natural contexts and can inform policymakers, architects, and urban designers. By supporting place attachment, it may contribute to individual and community well-being, social cohesion, and more sustainable living environments.