Bioprinting in Orthodontics: From Tissue Engineering to Personalized Regenerative Medicine

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as an enabling technology in regenerative medicine with the potential to redefine the future of orthodontic treatment. By integrating living cells, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules through layer-by-layer fabrication, bioprinting enables the development of patient-specific constructs that closely replicate native craniofacial tissues. In orthodontics, this technology offers potential solutions for challenges such as alveolar bone deficiency, periodontal tissue loss, root resorption, craniofacial defects, and compromised tissue healing following orthodontic interventions. Recent advances in stem cell biology, bioactive hydrogels, tissue engineering, growth factor delivery, and digital manufacturing have expanded the scope of regenerative orthodontics beyond conventional biomechanical tooth movement. The incorporation of artificial intelligence, computer-aided design, cone-beam computed tomography, and additive manufacturing further supports precision treatment planning and customized regenerative therapies. Despite encouraging experimental outcomes, routine clinical implementation remains limited by challenges related to vascularization, scaffold maturation, manufacturing standardization, regulatory approval, long-term safety, and economic feasibility. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration among orthodontists, bioengineers, material scientists, and regulatory authorities is essential to translate laboratory innovations into predictable clinical applications. This article reviews the biological principles, technological advancements, clinical applications, translational challenges, and future perspectives of bioprinting, highlighting current evidence, existing limitations, and research priorities toward clinical translation.