Review on: Pharmacogenomics from genetic code to personalized drug therapy.

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is one of the main branches of personalized medicine and concerns genetic variations between people that affect their susceptibility to medications. In spite of equal drug and dosing prescriptions to different patients, some discrepancies in therapeutic effects can be observed. Some of them get a good effect from the prescribed drug, while other patients will not feel any effect or even have an adverse reaction. It is due to genetic variability that impacts drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, transport, and targets. Pharmacogenomics implies using genetic data to increase the accuracy of drug therapy. At the moment, pharmacogenomics is especially actual for cardiovascular diseases, oncology, neurology, psychiatry and pharmacovigilance. Many significant gene-drug interactions exist with CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, DPYD, TPMT, NUDT15, HLA genes and SLCO1B1. India has enormous opportunities for pharmacogenomics development because of its huge population and genetic diversity. However, there are some obstacles caused by lack of population-based data, high costs of testing, interpreting genetic information and implementing pharmacogenomic data into clinic practice. Innovative approaches in such fields as artificial intelligence, real-world data, databases and decision support systems can help to promote pharmacogenomics.