Precision Medicine in Pharmacology: Current Trends, Innovations,and Future Perspectives

Precision medicine is a modern approach in pharmacology that aims to provide the right medicine, at the right dose, to the right patient by considering individual differences in genetics, disease characteristics, lifestyle, environment, and clinical factors. Unlike conventional "one-size-fits-all" treatment, precision medicine supports individualized therapy and may improve treatment efficacy while reducing adverse drug reactions. Recent advances in pharmacogenomics, biomarkers, multiomics, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, electronic health records, and real-world data have strengthened its application in patient stratification, drug selection, dose optimization, treatment monitoring, and precision pharmacovigilance. Precision medicine is also being applied in drug discovery, personalized drug formulation, digital health, and individualized drug development. Emerging technologies such as explainable AI, digital twins, wearable devices, advanced precision dosing, and 3D-printed medicines may further expand personalized treatment approaches. However, challenges including data quality, privacy and security, limited population diversity, AI-related bias, clinical validation, regulatory requirements, high costs, and limited patient awareness remain important barriers. This review discusses the current trends, applications, innovations, challenges, research gaps, and future perspectives of precision medicine in pharmacology. Overall, integrating genetic, molecular, clinical, and digital information may support safer, more effective, and more personalized pharmacotherapy.