Oral Cancer: Diagnostic Advances, Surgical Outcomes, and Clinical Perspectives

Oral cancer remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in relation to early diagnosis, accurate assessment, effective surgical treatment, and functional rehabilitation. Advances in molecular biology and salivary diagnostics have encouraged the investigation of potential biomarkers, while developments in reconstructive surgery have emphasized the importance of restoring speech, swallowing, and quality of life after oncologic resection. This narrative review examines current approaches to oral cancer diagnosis and management, focusing on emerging diagnostic methods, surgical outcomes, and preventive strategies. Relevant evidence from oral and maxillofacial practice is also considered to explore broader implications for clinical assessment, treatment safety, and patient outcomes. The review highlights the need for rigorous validation of emerging diagnostic techniques, standardized evaluation of surgical outcomes, and further clinical research to support their integration into routine practice.