This paper sets out the ECM interpretation of ΔMᴍc² as a dynamic, force-based classical kinetic-energy expression rather than as a static relativistic rest-mass conversion. Under the state-specific substitution Mᴍ = −Mᵃᵖᵖ, the effective-mass relation Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) gives Mᵉᶠᶠ = −2Mᵃᵖᵖ. With the ECM correspondence −Mᵃᵖᵖ = ΔPEᴇᴄᴍ, this becomes Mᵉᶠᶠ = 2ΔPEᴇᴄᴍ in the formulation described here. In the dynamic case v = c, the classical kinetic-energy form ½Mᵉᶠᶠv² yields ΔMᴍc² when Mᵉᶠᶠ is represented as 2ΔMᴍ. The paper also relates potential-energy displacement, frequency change and photon energy, and distinguishes dimensional consistency from a complete physical derivation. The equations are presented as ECM-specific definitions and state relations; their interpretation depends on the stated substitutions and conditions.
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Soumendra Nath Thakur (2026) studied this question.
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