Key result
Gram-negative resistance spreads globally via mobile genes using altered permeability, efflux, and enzymatic inactivation.
The rapid worldwide spread of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacteria is driven by a complex interplay of human, environmental, and health care-associated factors and accelerated by mobile genetic elements that facilitate the dissemination of resistance genes. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria arises primarily through reduced drug entry, active drug efflux, modification of antibiotic targets, and enzymatic drug inactivation, most notably through β-lactamase production. Clinically important resistant pathogens include extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales,
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Pranita D. Tamma (2026) conducted a review in Gram-negative bacterial infections. Gram-negative bacterial resistance spreads globally via mobile genetic elements and operates through reduced drug entry, efflux, target modification, and enzymatic inactivation.
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