Kidney Stone Disease (Nephrolithiasis): A Comprehensive Updated Review

Kidney stone disease or nephrolithiasis, is a chronic and recurrent disorder characterized by crystallization of minerals within the urinary tract. Over the past few decades, its worldwide occurrence has risen markedly, now impacting roughly 10–15% of people in developed nations. It is increasingly recognized as a more comprehensive metabolic disorder linked to ailments including chronic renal disease, cardiovascular issues, and metabolic syndrome, rather than just a urological problem. A complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental variables, food patterns, and imbalances in urine biochemistry leads to the development of the illness. The problem often recurs despite advancements in imaging methods and minimally invasive surgical techniques, partly due to the fact that its underlying origins are still unclear. This review provides an in-depth discussion of epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, diagnostics, management, prevention, complications, and research gaps.