Statistical-mechanical model for dipolar chain formation

Dipolar fluids are known to exhibit complex self-assembly at low temperatures, yet a compact thermodynamic description of their aggregate statistics has remained elusive. Using molecular dynamics simulations of Stockmayer particles with a purely repulsive WCA core, we confirm that over broad regions of the ($ρ$, T) phase space the chain-size distribution follows an exponential decay with characteristic size s₀. Within this regime, we find that s₀ can be accurately described by an effective free energy $ϕ$ that incorporates translational entropy, bonding energy, and a crowding penalty. Identifying deviations from this ideal scaling provides a further division of the phase space into four regions. Therefore, our results locate a regime of relatively simple chain statistics and offer an alternative regime-based perspective on dipolar self-assembly.