Unpacking ChatGPT in academia: a systematic review of adoption models, key trends, and emerging drivers in university settings

This study uses a PRISMA-informed systematic literature review of 43 peer-reviewed studies published between December 2022 and March 2025 to examine trends, theoretical frameworks, and factors influencing tertiary-level students' adoption and use of ChatGPT. The findings reveal growing scholarly interest in 2024, with research conducted across diverse countries, including South Korea, China, and the UK. Key themes include collaborative, personalized, self-directed, and innovative learning, alongside concerns about privacy and academic integrity. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is the most frequently applied theoretical framework, followed by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Perceived usefulness and ease of use emerge as primary adoption determinants. Other facilitating factors include personalized learning, Chatbot-based interaction, learner autonomy, and perceived AI reliability. Conversely, technophobia and excessive AI dependence represent significant barriers. The study contributes by integrating established technology-acceptance theories with emerging AI-specific factors to provide a more comprehensive understanding of ChatGPT adoption. It also offers practical guidance for educators, researchers, and policymakers seeking to integrate ChatGPT into higher education ethically and effectively while maximizing its pedagogical benefits.