Radiologic Assessment of Post-Treatment Changes and Complications in the Biliary Tract

A variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and surgeries performed for hepatopancreaticobiliary pathologies can directly or indirectly affect the biliary tract. Normal expected findings in the post-procedure and post-surgical settings should be differentiated from complications. Imaging plays a crucial role in detecting post-procedure biliary tract complications, assessing their severity, and guiding management decisions. Timely intervention reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with these complications. Commonly encountered complications include biliary injury with bile leaks and strictures, stone-related complications, infection, duodenal injury, anastomotic and non-anastomotic strictures, hemorrhage, and other vascular and vasculobiliary complications. This review highlights the risk factors, imaging modalities used for diagnosis, and imaging findings associated with post-treatment biliary tract complications.