Electro-Thermal Modeling and Long-Term Degradation-Exposure Analysis of Active BTMS Under Tropical Heat-Soak Conditions

The aim of this scientific study is to investigate the coupled effects of active battery thermal management on temperature regulation, auxiliary cooling energy demand, and long-term degradation-related exposure under a prescribed tropical heat-soak scenario. A reference 50 Ah equivalent lithium-ion cell is represented by a temperature- and state-of-charge-dependent second-order equivalent-circuit model coupled to a two-node core–surface thermal network. The numerical methods include Coulomb counting, irreversible electrical heat generation, proportional cooling control, time integration of normalized degradation-stress indicators, and ambient-temperature and cooling-setpoint sensitivity analyses. A synthetic 3-day charge–discharge duty cycle and a deterministic 28–42 ∘C ambient-temperature waveform provide repeatable boundary conditions. Relative to passive operation, the modeled active system lowers peak core temperature while incurring additional cooling electricity demand. The setpoint analysis demonstrates a trade-off between thermal protection, auxiliary energy, and normalized degradation exposure. The framework offers a consistent basis for comparative thermal-management assessment; because the reference parameters and exposure relationships are not experimentally calibrated, it does not establish cell-specific capacity fade, service life, or predictive accuracy.