Role of livelihood capitals in the socioeconomic vulnerability of farmer households during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed persistent socioeconomic vulnerabilities among rural households, particularly farmers. Using 2022 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), this study compares multidimensional vulnerability between farmer and non-farmer households through binary logistic regression with interaction terms. Human, financial, and physical capital are generally associated with lower vulnerability, although their effects vary across household types. Higher education and physical capital reduce energy vulnerability but are associated with greater monetary and food vulnerability among farmers. In contrast, health protection and the Family Hope Program (PKH) provide stronger protection for farmer households, highlighting the need for targeted asset strengthening and adaptive social protection.