Time-Domain and Phase-Resolved Characterization of Partial Discharge Signals Based on Rydberg-Atom Sensing

Rydberg atoms enable sensitive electric-field measurements by converting field-induced changes in atomic energy levels into optically detectable signals. This work investigates four partial discharge models using Rydberg-atom sensing, a commercial ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) antenna, and a custom-built monopole antenna. The measured time-domain signals and phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns are compared to evaluate their temporal features and phase-dependent distributions. Particular emphasis is placed on the contribution of atomic sensing to resolving low-frequency components of discharge signals, providing information complementary to conventional UHF measurements. By linking time-domain observations with PRPD characteristics, this study explores the potential of Rydberg-atom sensing to extend the spectral information available for partial discharge characterization.