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This study examined the associations of self-regulation, self-esteem, and digital literacy with students' perceived learning achievement at Ariya Metta Vocational High School, Tangerang. The quantitative ex post facto study included 154 students drawn from a population of 250 through proportional stratified random sampling. Online questionnaire responses were analysed using multiple linear regression in SPSS version 27. Self-regulation (B = 1.349; β = 0.494; t = 6.739; p < .001) and self-esteem (B = 0.624; β = 0.345; t = 4.113; p < .001) were positively associated with perceived achievement after adjustment for the other predictors. Digital literacy showed no significant unique association (B = 0.040; β = 0.019; t = 0.248; p = .804). The model accounted for 63.0% of the observed variation (R² = .630; adjusted R² = .622). Although digital literacy was significant in a simple regression, the association did not persist in the full model, indicating overlapping explanatory information among predictors. The findings support attention to learning management and students' evaluations of themselves while encouraging academically purposeful uses of digital resources. Because achievement was self-reported and the design was observational, the results do not establish causality.
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Nyaman (2026) studied this question.
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