A Comprehensive Review on Marine Collagen and Skin Renewal: A Bioactive Strategy for Anti-Aging

Collagen, the most abundant structural protein in animals, is fundamental for maintaining skin strength, elasticity, and hydration. However, age-related decline in collagen and elastin synthesis contributes to visible signs of aging, including wrinkles, dryness, and reduced firmness. Conventionally, collagen is sourced from terrestrial animals, but concerns related to disease transmission, cultural restrictions, and ethical considerations have limited its widespread application. Marine-derived collagen, primarily obtained from fish skin, scales, bones, and invertebrates, has emerged as a safer, more sustainable, and highly bioavailable alternative. Owing to its lower molecular weight and superior absorption, marine collagen peptides demonstrate potent anti-aging effects by stimulating fibroblast activity, enhancing extracellular matrix synthesis, and inhibiting collagen-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases. In addition, marine-derived proteins and polysaccharides, including those from Spirulina and Ulva rigida, exhibit antioxidant and protective effects that complement collagen’s role in skin regeneration. Clinical and preclinical studies indicate significant improvements in dermal thickness, hydration, elasticity, and wrinkle reduction following marine collagen supplementation or topical application. Despite these promising outcomes, large-scale utilization of marine collagen faces challenges in cost-effective extraction, product standardization, and clinical validation. With global fisheries generating substantial quantities of underutilized by-products, sustainable extraction and valorization strategies present a unique opportunity to address both environmental concerns and the growing demand for safe, effective cosmeceuticals. This review explores recent advances in marine collagen research, underlying mechanisms of skin health benefits, and future directions for its application in dermatology, nutraceuticals, and sustainable skincare.