Visualization of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Review of Diagnostic Approaches

The temporomandibular joint is a unique synovial joint that enables both translational and rotational movements. As one of the most frequently used joints in the human body, it is particularly susceptible to wear and degenerative changes. TMJ disorders are typically characterized by pain, restricted jaw mobility, and joint sounds such as clicking, popping, or crepitus. These impairments can significantly diminish a person’s quality of life by disrupting essential functions such as chewing, speaking, and, in some cases, even breathing. X-ray examinations are conventionally used to confirm clinical data, as they allow the condition of the hard and soft tissues of the temporomandibular joint to be assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging is the main imaging method used to examine disorders of the temporomandibular joint, thanks to its ability to effectively examine both hard and soft tissues of the joint. However, it is contraindicated in patients with implanted pacemakers, cardioverter-defibrillators, and in the presence of metal foreign bodies. Cone beam computed tomography is mainly used to assess bone pathology, but it is almost impossible to use it for dynamic imaging due to the high dose of radioactive exposure. Particular attention should be paid to the use of positron emission computed tomography, ultrasound diagnostics, and methods for determining the functional state of the lower jaw (axiography) and muscle activity (electromyography). All these imaging methods have their own indications and contraindications for use and complement each other. They can be valuable to clinicians in identifying patients at increased risk of temporomandibular joint disorders and can also serve as screening during treatment.