Communication and education strategies to raise awareness and understanding of volcanic hazard during times of quiescence: a literature review

This study synthesizes peer-reviewed research on volcanic hazard communication during periods of quiescence, when immediate crisis pressures are absent but opportunities for long-term preparedness are substantial. While much existing work focuses on communication during eruptions or in specific regions, we examine how volcanic hazards are communicated when a volcano is quiet, a time suited for building awareness, understanding, and sustained public engagement. We conducted a systematic review of relevant studies and grouped findings into three categories: formal educational materials, informal education approaches, and informal communication tools. Common themes include clear and accessible language, participatory strategies, and trust built through two-way communication. Few studies evaluate communication effectiveness, highlighting an important gap in the literature. This synthesis clarifies how communication during quiescent periods can support disaster risk reduction and strengthen community preparedness over time.