Cubosome integrated with polymeric carbon nitride and cisplatin: in vivo biodistribution and in vitro photodynamic therapy studies

Cubosome based lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a premier system for drug loading and delivery. Their outstanding preclinical results underscore the importance of precision medicine for developing next generation nanomedicines. We have reported a novel engineered route for insitu formation and hybridization of cubosome based nanomaterial (lipid–g-C 3 N 4 –cisplatin nanoparticle), integrated with polymeric carbon nitride and cisplatin. Using an interfacial aqueous organic phase drive, we have successfully achieved cubic architecture with particle diameters of 150–200 nm. Cryogenic electron microscopy confirmed about structural integrity, while zeta potential measurements indicated to the stability with a near positive surface charge. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping experiments demonstrated to the capacity of generating reactive oxygen species, specifically peroxide and superoxide. C57BL/6 mice intravenously injected with the nanoparticle which have shown preferential biodistribution in the lungs (0.09 ug Pt/g), liver (0.03 ug Pt/g), kidneys (0.06 ug Pt/g), and plasma (0.012 ug Pt/ml). The nanoparticle accumulation have exhibited a minimum in the thymus, heart, spleen, and intestines. Under dark conditions, IC 50 was 176.2 µg/mL for A549 cells, 139.1 µg/mL for Tong cells, and 279.3 µg/mL for HEK-293T cells. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy observed at concentrations of 50–200 µg/mL for A549 cells and 100–200 µg/mL for Tong and HEK-293T cells, highlighting that the efficiency of nanoplatform towards oncological applications in the organs of lungs, liver, and kidneys.