Awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and HPV vaccination among university students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

Background Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, despite being largely preventable. Its burden remains high in settings without organized vaccination and screening programs. Knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer prevention and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination may influence the acceptance of preventive measures. This study aimed to assess knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer prevention and HPV vaccination among university students in Lahore, Pakistan, and to identify their main sources of health information. Methods A structured, quantitative, online survey in English was administered to students enrolled in medical-related programs at the University of Lahore, Pakistan. Results A total of 163 students participated. Knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV, and preventive measures was low to moderate. Only 69 participants (42%) recognized HPV infection as a risk factor, and 56 (34%) were unaware that cervical cancer can be prevented through Pap smear screening. Among female respondents, only 10 (12%) perceived themselves to be at risk. Knowledge of HPV transmission and vaccination was limited, with uncertainty regarding the purpose, timing, and benefits. Willingness to receive the HPV vaccine was moderate (62%). The main sources of health information were educational institutions, social media, and healthcare professionals, with healthcare professionals and educational institutions reported as the most trusted. Conclusions Despite a relatively educated population, knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and HPV vaccination remains insufficient. Targeted educational interventions and comprehensive public health strategies, including culturally sensitive communication and access to vaccination and screening programs, are essential to enhance preventive outcomes.