Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
With circular (and) bio-based products, we aim to replace some fossil-based inputs and close material loops through the valorisation of by-products and underutilised (waste) streams. Across different life-cycle stages, the valorisation pathways can involve complex trade-offs, which may not make them more environmentally friendly than fossil-based baselines. Assessment of circular bio-based products is demanding because the underlying value chains have fewer studies, fragmented datasets and high variability in feedstock and by-products within a given region.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Matej Fatur (2026) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 8 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: