Is war between nuclear powers likely, and what would it look like? These are two important questions facing national security practitioners. A way to answer the questions is to examine the history of armed clashes between nuclear powers. No other article draws these clashes together under a single source. The history shows that armed clashes between nuclear powers have occurred repeatedly. They have been characterized by a low level of violence that sometimes ramped up to higher intensity. These trends offer one view of future war.
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Malkasian et al. (2026) studied this question.
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