Emerging MOF/COF-based platforms for sample preparation and detection of bisphenols in food

Bisphenols (BPs) are widely used industrial chemicals commonly detected in food matrices due to their migration from packaging materials. As endocrine-disrupting compounds, BPs can pose potential risks to human health even at trace levels, making their reliable determination in food critical. However, the effective enrichment and detection of BPs remain challenging due to their low concentrations and complex sample matrices. In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising materials for sample pretreatment, sensor detection, and mass spectrometry analysis (e.g., MALDI) due to their large specific surface area, tunable pore structure, and abundant functional groups. These materials provide strong host–guest interactions and efficient mass transfer, thereby improving extraction, enrichment, and matrix cleanup of bisphenols in sample pretreatment techniques. They have also been widely applied in detection techniques, including chromatography, sensing, mass spectrometry, and other analytical methods. This review summarizes the preparation strategies, structural characteristics, and applications of MOF- and COF-based materials in different pretreatment techniques, such as solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic micro-dispersive solid-phase extraction, and microextraction methods, as well as their roles in sensing and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the current challenges and future perspectives of MOF/COF-based materials in food safety monitoring are discussed, offering insights into the development of more efficient analytical materials. Magnetic MOFs enable fast m-µ-dSPE of bisphenols from food matrices. Amino-MOFs improve dSPE enrichment of bisphenols in complex foods. Imine COFs support solvent-saving SPME of bisphenols in food samples. Luminescent MOFs enable rapid fluorescence detection of trace bisphenols. MIP-modified COFs improve electrochemical sensing of bisphenol analogs.