Predictors of Lower Back Musculoskeletal Disability Among Emergency Department Healthcare Professionals: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly lower back (LB) pain are highly prevalent in emergency department (ED) healthcare professionals with significant health-related impacts due to the high and unexpected workload. Objective: This study aimed to identify the predictors of LB disability among ED healthcare professionals in Jordan, including physical, psychological, and ergonomic occupational factors. Methods: A multicenter convenience sample of ED healthcare professionals was recruited from Jordanian ED departments. Data collection included demographics, ergonomics-related factors and a group of validated outcome measures: the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). A stepwise multivariable linear regression model was used to identify predictors of LB disability. Results: The study included 447 participants, of whom 57% were male ( n = 255) and had a mean age of 35.1 ± 7.0 years. Predictors of the ODI ( R 2 = .31) included depression ( B = 0.456, p < .001), taking sick leave in the past 12 months (β = 6.8, p < .001), safe handling and posturing practices ( B = −5.584, p < .001), age ( B = 0.32, p < .001) and presence of musculoskeletal injury in the past 12 months ( B = 4.6, p = .022). Conclusion: This study highlights the burden of LB disability among ED healthcare professionals. LB disability was significantly associated with depression, recent Musculoskeletal injury, Musculoskeletal-related sick leave and older age, with safe handling and posture practices showing a protective effect. Comprehensive interventions to integrate ergonomic improvements, mental health support, workload optimization, and exercise programs.