Evaluation of Screening Protocols for Gynecologic Oncology in Public Health

Cervical cancer represents a significant public health problem, primarily associated with persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). Continuous screening is an essential preventive strategy for the early detection of precancerous lesions. However, significant challenges persist in Brazil due to low cytopathological coverage, regional disparities, and discontinuity in care. This study aimed to analyze the scientific evidence regarding cervical cancer screening methods and the barriers to their effective implementation in the Unified Health System (SUS). This is a narrative literature review conducted in the PubMed database using the search terms “Early Detection of Cancer” and “Genital Neoplasms, Female.” The findings reveal an excess of tests performed outside the recommended age range, significant socioeconomic barriers, and limited access to confirmatory diagnosis and treatment. Molecular HPV DNA tests have high potential to improve primary screening, although their incorporation requires a substantial expansion of healthcare capacity and the support network. It is concluded that the effectiveness of early detection depends on the consolidation of an organized screening model, addressing inequities in access, and ensuring a comprehensive continuum of care for women.