Genetic variation in the morphological, physiological, and nutritional traits of F1 radish cultivars subjected to phosphorus nanofertilizer treatments

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a nutrient-dense root vegetable whose growth, biochemical properties, and mineral composition are significantly influenced by cultivar type and fertilization strategy. Despite increasing interest in phosphorus nanoparticles (PNPs) as a promising alternative to traditional P fertilizers, limited information is available on how different radish cultivars respond to various PNP concentrations, particularly concerning bioactive compounds and mineral nutrient uptake. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological, biochemical, and mineral responses of three radish cultivars under four PNP concentrations (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/L). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed to measure biomass components, physiological, and nutritional quality. Results indicated a strong genotype effect with nanoparticle interactions across all parameters. The 600 mg/L PNP treatment consistently boosted root and leaf biomass, chlorophyll content, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity, especially in Fine-Neck-Round (FNR). Half-Carrot-Shaped (HCS) showed the highest mineral accumulation, peaking at 600–900 mg/L. Conversely, Half-Head-Red (HHR) exhibited moderate responses that were less consistent across treatments. Overall, moderate PNP doses improved most biochemical and mineral traits, while higher levels occasionally reduced nutrient uptake. PNPs are a promising tool for improving the nutritional quality and yield of radishes, particularly when customized to specific cultivar requirements. These findings provide valuable insights into the use of nanotechnology for precise fertilization and sustainable horticulture.