At the crossroads of change: Executive functions in the age of emerging simulation technology – A scoping review and driving simulator study on adaptive performance

Simulators are pivotal in advancing mobility technology, yet human adaptation in the context of these technologies remains underexplored. This study investigates the role of core executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) in adaptive performance within driving simulators based on a scoping review identifying a research gap and conducting a driving simulator study addressing it. Results from the empirical study revealed no significant influence of working memory or inhibitory control, while cognitive flexibility showed a partial positive effect, highlighting its possible enhancing role in adapting to coordinative changes within simulated environments. Findings expand the scarce literature and underscore the need for further exploration, e.g., of how change complexity moderates these relationships. By differentiating executive functions and linking them to adaptive performance, this work advances the theoretical understanding of adaptation in the context of emerging technology. Furthermore, it may inform future research on potential training approaches targeting cognitive flexibility.