Grammatical categories of nouns and verbs in the Russian, Dolgan, and Eskimo languages: a typological comparison

The purpose of the study is to identify areas of grammatical inconsistency based on the material of key categories of names and verbs in the Russian, Dolgan and Eskimo (Chaplin dialect) languages. The article presents a comparative analysis of such categories as case, number, gender, person, tense and aspect. The main attention is paid to the systematic description of the formal expression and functional load of these categories in three differently structured languages belonging to the inflectional (Russian) and agglutinative (Dolgan, Eskimo) types. The scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive comparison of the grammatical structure of three languages of different genetic origin (Slavic, Turkic, Eskimo-Aleut families) from the standpoint of their typological characteristics. For the first time, correlations have been revealed between the typological features of these languages (nominative or ergative structure, presence/absence of gender categories, structure of the case system, ways of expressing aspectuality) and the specifics of their grammatical organization. The result of the study showed that the main areas of structural differences are related to the gender category, which is absent in the Dolgan and Eskimo languages, the discrepancy of case systems (number of cases, set of meanings, syntactic functions), as well as with different grammaticalization of aspectual meanings. The data obtained contribute to typological linguistics and can serve as a basis for further research in the field of contact linguistics.