Physical activity as a modulator of hyperactivity and calmness in children with ADHD: a narrative literature review

The aim of this study was to conduct a narrative literature review and synthesize the latest research from 2023-2026 on the role of physical activity in modulating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and promoting calmness in children with ADHD. Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus databases. Empirical and review publications in child psychiatry, neuropsychology, physical activity science, and public health, covering the population of children diagnosed with ADHD, were analyzed. Both individual forms of physical activity and structured exercise programs were included, including aerobic exercise, coordination training, and activities requiring self-control and discipline, such as taekwondo. Their associations with hyperactivity, impulsivity, inhibitory control, attention, self-regulation, and ability to achieve calmness were assessed. Available evidence suggests that regular physical activity can positively impact executive function, reduce impulsivity, and alleviate symptoms of hyperactivity. The most consistent results concern improvements in inhibitory control, attention, and arousal regulation. Structured forms of exercise seem particularly promising because they combine motor engagement with elements of cognitive control. These results suggest that physical activity may be an important adjunct to therapy for children with ADHD, but future research is needed to precisely determine the optimal type, intensity, and duration of intervention.