Transformation of the Organizational Sustainability category and the contemporary approach to its definition

Aim. To identify the main stages in the transformation of the Organizational Sustainability category and to systematize contemporary approaches to its definition under the influence of the concepts of resilience and sustainable development / sustainability. Objectives. To trace the genesis of the concept of sustainability from the technical sciences to the socio-economic sciences; to classify the types of organizational sustainability according to various criteria; to distinguish between and compare the concepts of resilience and sustainability (sustainable development); to propose an operational typology of organizations based on two dimensions. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, classification, and a systems approach). The historical method is applied to trace the evolution of the concepts, and the method of comparative analysis is used to compare Russian and international interpretations of sustainability. Results. It is established that in contemporary business practice companies increasingly face a high level of risk. This affects their viability. At the same time, key stakeholders demand that organizations conduct business responsibly. Consequently, the sustainability of a modern company cannot be reduced to a single dimension. The author proposes a definition that combines adaptive capacity (resilience) and a long-term orientation toward the principles of sustainable development (sustainability). Taking into account the two dimensions, a typology of four types of organizations is developed. Conclusions. The Organizational Sustainability category has undergone a complex evolution from a technical concept of equilibrium to a multidimensional socio-economic characteristic. As a unified concept, it integrates adaptive capacity (resilience) and a long-term strategic orientation toward sustainable development (sustainability). The definition formulated by the author can serve as a theoretical foundation for developing methodologies for assessing and managing sustainability.