Diagnostic value of biomarkers in the detection of preclinical cervical neoplasia

Cervical neoplasia remains a significant medical and public health concern, particularly in the context of diseases associated with oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus. The limited sensitivity and prognostic value of traditional cytological and virological diagnostic methods underscore the need for more accurate tools for early detection. Objective. Determining the diagnostic value of molecular and epigenetic biomarkers in the context of preclinical screening for cervical neoplasia. Material and methods. A literature review was conducted covering publications from 2019 to 2025, retrieved from international databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary. The analysis included original studies, reviews, and meta-analyses presenting quantitative performance indicators of biomarkers compared against histological findings. Results. It has been established that the biomarkers p16INK4a, Ki-67, MCM2, hTERT, E6/E7 transcripts, and epigenetic markers such as FAM19A4 and miR124-2 methylation demonstrate high diagnostic performance. The sensitivity of these markers in detecting clinically significant neoplasia reaches 95—98%, while specificity ranges from 85% to 92%, depending on the applied thresholds and methodological approaches. Conclusion. The integrated use of molecular biomarkers appears to be a promising approach for preclinical detection of cervical neoplasia. Incorporating immunohistochemical, transcriptional, and epigenetic markers into screening protocols may improve prognostic outcomes, reduce overdiagnosis, and support the development of personalized monitoring strategies.