Shared Energy Storage Rental and Benefit Allocation for Renewable Energy Alliances with Deviation Netting

Shared energy storage can improve the economic and operational sustainability of renewable energy stations through coordinated management of forecast deviations and enhanced integration of green-power in the grid. However, independent deviation management may overestimate storage rental demand, fixed contracts have uncertain ex-post performance, and benefit allocation may not reflect realized settlement. This paper proposes a day-ahead shared energy storage rental and benefit allocation framework integrating deviation netting and ex-post settlement. Expected station-level deviations are first netted, and rented power and energy capacities are optimized against the residual deviations. A Stackelberg game then determines the operator’s rental prices and the alliance’s capacity response, thereby forming a fixed day-ahead contract. Cooperative incremental benefits are calculated from out-of-sample ex-post operating costs and allocated using a Shapley method with individual-rationality constraints. Under the examined case study settings, expected deviation netting reduces the rented power capacity by 43.50%, increases the rented energy capacity by 33.87%, and decreases the alliance’s expected total cost by 12.84%. In the independent 1000-day out-of-sample evaluation, the S2 contract reduces the mean cost relative to the S1 contract by 5.97% and is less costly than S1 on 94.90% of the test days. The resulting Shapley allocation satisfies efficiency, budget balance, individual rationality, and the core constraints under the examined conditions, supporting sustainable resource utilization in renewable power systems.