Between Visibility and Autonomy: A Phenomenological Study of White Cane Use and Non-Use

The white cane is an important tool for promoting independent mobility among individuals who are blind, but its significance extends beyond obstacle detection to cognitive, psychological, and social dimensions of autonomy. This phenomenological study explored how blind adolescents experience white cane use and non-use in daily life. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four totally blind high school students in Türkiye, including two regular white cane users and two students who did not use the cane. Thematic analysis identified four interrelated themes: (1) tactile safety margins and movement efficiency, (2) the social meaning of the white cane, (3) environmental barriers and accessibility challenges, and (4) the complementary role of emerging technologies. Cane users described mobility as more predictable, safer, and less cognitively demanding, highlighting the cane’s role in hazard detection, spatial orientation, and confidence. Participants who did not use the cane reported slower movement, greater physical tension, and concerns about stigma and unwanted visibility. The findings suggest that white cane use functions not only as a sensory extension but also as a cognitive, social, and psychological resource. Decisions regarding cane use appear to reflect interactions among identity, emotional adjustment, and environmental conditions. The study highlights the need for orientation and mobility services that address both technical skills and psychosocial adaptation.