Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy: Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery, Nano Immunotherapy and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Limited drug solubility, insufficient tumor accumulation, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and the biological heterogeneity of tumors are some of the key obstacles that cancer therapy still faces. In order to enhance the localization and regulated release of anticancer medicines, the review also looks into passive, active, tumor-microenvironment-responsive, and biomimetic targeting techniques. Additionally highlighted is the potential of nanocarriers to transport nucleic acids, immune-modulating drugs, and combination treatments, especially for boosting anticancer immune responses and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Lastly, new strategies such multifunctional nanocarriers, nucleic acid delivery, biomimetic and exosome-based systems, precision nanomedicine, and theragnostic platforms are explored as possible avenues for cancer treatment in the future.