Fire-Protection Materials and LEED v4.1 Sustainability Alignment in Small- and MediumScale Riyadh Buildings: An Exploratory MultiCase Study with a Proxy Index (FPSAI)

Small- and medium-scale construction accounts for the majority of new commercial and healthcare buildings in Riyadh, yet the segment lies almost entirely outside the LEED certification pipeline. Fire-protection subsystems — piping, sealants, intumescent coatings, and clean-agent gases — are a substantial but underexamined part of the material footprint of these buildings, and the sustainability profile of the materials actually installed has not been characterized empirically for this segment.