Nutritional Synergy of Tiger Nuts, Pearl Millet, and Cowpeas in Combating Protein-energy Malnutrition in Children: A Narrative Review of Indigenous Crops Potential

Background: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) remains a major public health problem in Niger, particularly among children under five. Traditional cereal-based complementary foods are often low in protein quality and energy density. Objective: This narrative review synthesises evidence on the nutritional synergy of tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) as indigenous crops for formulating sustainable complementary foods. Methods: literature was systematically searched across PubMed, Google Scholar, FAO, WHO, UNICEF, and WFP databases using predefined keywords. Studies were screened for nutritional composition, processing methods, and potential synergy. Results: tiger nuts provide high energy density through lipids, pearl millet contributes carbohydrates and sulfur amino acids, and cowpeas supply lysine and increase total protein content. Their combination addresses deficiencies in traditional porridges, meeting WHO energy and protein quality targets. Processing methods such as roasting, germination, and dehulling reduce anti-nutritional factors and improve bioavailability. Conclusion: composite flours from these crops represent an inexpensive, culturally acceptable, and nutritionally superior alternative for preventing PEM in Niger and similar contexts.