A commentary on the effects of bioturbation of bivalves across the sediment–water interface: implications for environmental management

Clams play a crucial role in sediment bioturbation and nutrient cycling at the sediment–water interface; however, their ecological functions remain underutilised in aquatic ecosystem management. This review synthesises current knowledge on clam-mediated processes, with particular emphasis on effluent mitigation, biogeochemical transformations, and interactions with microbial communities, highlighting their relevance to environmental monitoring and Sustainable Development Goal 14. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, focusing on key mechanisms such as burrowing, feeding and bioirrigation, as well as their effects on nutrient fluxes (nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon), microbial assemblages, pollutant dynamics and ecosystem services. The findings show that clams enhance sediment oxygenation, promote nutrient mobilisation, and facilitate nitrogen removal through coupled nitrification–denitrification pathways. They also influence phosphorus cycling via redox-sensitive processes and stimulate organic matter decomposition and microbial activity through biodeposition. In eutrophic and wastewater-impacted systems, clams reduce suspended solids and excess nutrients, functioning as effective biofilters. Their sensitivity to contaminants, including heavy metals and acidification, further supports their use as bioindicators of ecosystem health. Overall, clams act as ecosystem engineers that improve sediment quality and water clarity, offering nature-based solutions for pollution control and nutrient regulation. However, further research integrating molecular tools, in situ experimentation, and modelling is needed to better understand their responses to multiple stressors and to strengthen their application in ecosystem management and policy.