Medication Adherence, Family Support, and Cost-Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Narrative Review

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with a continuously increasing global prevalence. Successful T2DM management largely depends on patients' adherence to pharmacological therapy and overall disease management. However, medication adherence remains a major challenge, often resulting in failure to achieve glycemic targets, an increased risk of complications, and reduced quality of life. Pharmacists play a crucial role in improving medication adherence and clinical outcomes through various pharmaceutical care services, including pharmacist counseling, Medication Therapy Management (MTM), telepharmacy, home pharmacy care, and patient health education. Objective: This narrative review aimed to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care services on medication adherence and clinical outcomes among patients with T2DM based on published scientific evidence. Methods: A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted using several international and national scientific databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. A total of 50 eligible articles published between 2021 and 2026 were included in this review. Results: The findings demonstrated that pharmaceutical care services significantly improved medication adherence and clinical outcomes, as reflected by reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood International License. glucose (FBG), and random blood glucose (RBG) levels. Pharmaceutical care interventions combined with regular follow-up through telepharmacy or home pharmacy care were found to be more effective than conventional patient education alone. Conclusion: The evidence highlights that the active involvement of pharmacists is an essential component of T2DM management, contributing substantially to improved clinical outcomes and long-term therapeutic success.