Genetic Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal-Associated Bacteria: Molecular Insights and One Health Implications

This review article examines the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for antimicrobial resistance in animal-associated bacteria. It explores the roles of genetic mutations, antimicrobial resistance genes, horizontal gene transfer and mobile genetic elements in the development and dissemination of bacterial resistance. The article discusses important animal-associated bacterial genera, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Staphylococcus. It also examines potential transmission pathways connecting animals, humans and the environment under the One Health framework. Furthermore, the review highlights the applications of molecular biology, bacterial genomics, whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics in antimicrobial resistance research. It identifies important research gaps and emphasizes the need for integrated surveillance and responsible antimicrobial use. The article connects the fields of Zoology, Microbiology and Genetics to provide an overview of antimicrobial resistance in animal-associated bacteria.