Socio‐Cultural Practices of Women Experiencing Anemia in Pregnancy in the Central Region of Ghana: A Qualitative Study

INTRODUCTION: Severe anemia may be life-threatening and is associated with adverse maternal outcomes; however, there is a paucity of literature on socio-cultural practices that may influence anemia in pregnancy. Women in many African societies value cultural practices in the perinatal period. These practices are known to influence the prevention, detection, and management of anemia in pregnancy. AIM: To explore the socio-cultural practices and beliefs that influence anemia in pregnancy among women in Cape Coast, Ghana. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive exploratory study design was used, consisting of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 32 puerperal women. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A hybrid thematic analysis was undertaken, incorporating a deductive, theoretical (top-down) process and an inductive, data-driven (bottom-up) approach. The theoretical domains framework was used to develop the interview questions and to guide the deductive analysis. RESULTS: Women believed certain traditional medicines would influence pregnancy outcomes; however, they perceived that they had limited autonomy concerning their antenatal attendance, food choices, and preferences. Partners were reported to make decisions about the location and timing of the initial antenatal visit and to manage the money for transportation and out-of-pocket healthcare-related expenses. Family members were reported to prohibit women from consuming foods believed to impact pregnancy adversely. Family support played a crucial role, while practical community support was generally lacking. CONCLUSION: Socio-cultural factors may influence anemia in pregnancy management. This study highlights the need for empowerment of women, and for education of partners and other family members about anemia in pregnancy. There is also a need to understand women's socio-cultural backgrounds and familial power dynamics when providing care.