Fluid-driven robotic micromanipulation for assembloid fabrication

The assembly of cellular spheroids into spatially organized assembloids represents a transformative paradigm for modeling complex biological systems. However, the lack of standardized fabrication strategies fundamentally limits the precision and reproducibility of these models, hindering their widespread application. Here, we present a robotic micromanipulation platform—Fluid-Driven Tweezer with Visual Servo Control (FDT-VSC). By integrating multidimensional visual perception with microfluidic control, our system enables the gentle and programmable assembly of diverse cellular spheroids. Leveraging this platform, we achieve the bottom-up construction of structurally defined, heterogeneous multicellular tissues, and the programmed orchestration of multilineage models that recapitulate the complex microenvironments of early organogenesis. Crucially, the system improves consistency during the scalable fabrication of tumor-stroma assembloids, supporting reliable drug screening. These results demonstrate that FDT-VSC advances assembloid-based applications across modular tissue engineering, developmental biology, and drug discovery.