Internal Factors Associated with Bank Stability in Banks Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study examines internal factors associated with bank stability using 195 bank-year observations from 39 Indonesian listed banks during 2021–2025. Stability is measured by the Z-score. Reported random-effects coefficients are negative for liquidity risk and debt-to-assets leverage; capital, credit-risk, funding-stability and size estimates provide insufficient evidence of associations. Reduced-rank covariance and only five period clusters prevent verified significance conclusions. Confidence intervals and reproducible volatility definitions require confirmation. Leverage overlaps with Z-score capitalization. The findings describe conditional accounting associations, without establishing causal policy effects or the practical irrelevance of other factors.